Gastroshiza: Causes, Symptoms, and Complete Guide

Judith Adong

August 21, 2025

gastroshiza

Gastroshiza is a rare medical condition that primarily affects newborns, where the intestines develop outside the body due to a defect in the abdominal wall. This congenital condition requires early detection, immediate medical attention, and specialized care to ensure the infant’s survival and quality of life. Understanding gastroshiza is crucial for parents, medical professionals, and anyone seeking knowledge about rare birth defects.

In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and long-term outlook for gastroshiza.

What is Gastroshiza?

Gastroshiza is a birth defect in which the intestines protrude through an opening near the umbilical cord. Unlike other abdominal wall defects, such as omphalocele, gastroshiza does not involve a protective sac covering the intestines, leaving them exposed to amniotic fluid and external elements. This exposure can lead to inflammation, infection, and other complications if not treated quickly.

Causes of Gastroshiza

Although the exact cause of gastroshiza remains uncertain, researchers believe it results from abnormal development during pregnancy. Some potential causes include:

  1. Genetic Factors – In some cases, inherited traits may contribute to the defect.

  2. Environmental Influences – Exposure to harmful substances, smoking, alcohol, or certain medications during pregnancy can increase risks.

  3. Nutritional Deficiencies – Lack of essential vitamins and minerals during fetal development may play a role.

  4. Maternal Age – Young mothers, particularly teenagers, have been shown to have higher chances of giving birth to infants with gastroshiza.

Symptoms of Gastroshiza

The primary and most visible symptom of gastroshiza is the presence of intestines outside the baby’s body at birth. However, additional symptoms and complications may include:

  • Swelling and irritation of the intestines due to exposure.

  • Feeding difficulties because the digestive system is not fully functional.

  • Respiratory issues caused by pressure on the diaphragm.

  • Infections due to lack of protective covering.

Early detection through prenatal screening often helps parents and doctors prepare for immediate treatment after delivery.

Diagnosis of Gastroshiza

Gastroshiza is usually diagnosed during pregnancy through:

  • Ultrasound – A standard prenatal ultrasound often reveals the presence of abdominal organs outside the fetus’s body.

  • Amniocentesis – This test helps rule out other genetic disorders associated with similar conditions.

  • MRI Scans – In complex cases, MRI provides a clearer image of the defect and its severity.

Early diagnosis allows medical teams to plan for surgical intervention immediately after birth.

Treatment Options for Gastroshiza

The treatment for gastroshiza involves surgery, usually performed shortly after birth. The goals of treatment are to return the intestines to the abdominal cavity and close the opening in the abdominal wall.

 Primary Repair

If the intestines are not severely swollen or damaged, doctors may perform a single surgery to place the organs back into the abdomen and close the defect.

Staged Repair

When the intestines are too swollen to fit inside the abdomen immediately, a staged repair is necessary. A special bag, called a silo, is placed over the intestines to protect them. Over days or weeks, the organs are gradually moved back into the body before the opening is closed surgically.

 Supportive Care

Babies with gastroshiza often require additional care, including:

  • IV nutrition until the intestines are fully functional.

  • Antibiotics to prevent infection.

  • Monitoring for breathing or feeding difficulties.

Prognosis and Long-Term Outlook

Most babies with gastroshiza survive and go on to live healthy lives, especially when treated early. However, long-term issues may include:

  • Digestive problems.

  • Feeding difficulties in early months.

  • Growth delays in some cases.

With proper medical intervention and follow-up care, many children recover fully without severe complications.

Preventive Measures for Gastroshiza

While it may not always be preventable, certain steps can reduce risks:

  • Healthy lifestyle choices during pregnancy, avoiding alcohol, drugs, and smoking.

  • Proper prenatal care including routine check-ups and ultrasounds.

  • Adequate nutrition with vitamins such as folic acid.

  • Avoiding harmful medications unless prescribed and approved by a doctor.

Living with Gastroshiza: Parental Support

Parents of children born with gastroshiza often face emotional and physical challenges. Supportive measures include:

  • Counseling and education to understand the condition.

  • Support groups for families experiencing similar medical journeys.

  • Medical follow-ups to ensure long-term growth and development.

Future Research on Gastroshiza

Medical researchers continue to study to better understand its causes and improve treatment methods. Advances in prenatal surgery, genetics, and neonatal care are paving the way for higher survival rates and fewer complications.

Conclusion

Gastroshiz, though a rare condition, is treatable with modern medical interventions. With early diagnosis, skilled surgical treatment, and ongoing care, most infants born with can grow and thrive. Raising awareness and promoting healthy pregnancy practices are vital steps toward reducing its occurrence.